SYMBIOSIS MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

Here, we will also be dealing with Immunity.

this system will deal with organisation of the CNS, sensory system , motor system, special senses, and applied aspects.

This section will deal with the special senses.

This system will deal with organisation of the respiratory system, mechanics of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, ventilation, diffusion of gases, oxygen transport, carbon-dioxide transport, chemical and neural regulation of respiration and applied aspects.

This course will take the MBBS Phase I student through the physiology of the cardiovascular system.

Describes renal physiology

This deals with organisation of the gastrointestinal system, salivary glands and secretion, gastric secretions, exocrine pancreas, functions of the liver, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; functions of the large intestine, gastrointestinal motility, and applied aspects.

This system will deal with organisation of the endocrine system, hormone-receptor interactions, anterior and posterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, calcium homeostasis, endocrine pancreasa and glucose homeostasis, etc.

This system will deal with physiological anatomy of the male and female sexual organs, female and male sex hormones, female physiology before pregnancy, the sexual act and fertilisation, physiology of pregnancy, parturition and lactation.

This course will act as a "trial & error" playground for all staff to explore and practise the LMS

Short Answer Quest                                                  

1.      A 25 year old woman complains of severe pain in abdomen, photosensitivity, constipation, abnormal behavior and seizures. On examination Faster heart rate and higher blood pressure. Biochemical investigations showed high porphobilinogen (PBG).

     a.       What is the probable diagnosis?

    b.      Why did the patient have these symptoms?

    c.       What are the biochemical investigations required?

2.      Explain why von-gierke’s disease presents with hyperuricemia.

3.      What is lactic acidosis? Write a note on Cori’s Cycle.

4.      A 36 Years old woman was brought to emergency room complaining of dizziness. She had missed her dinner and breakfast. She had also started following a rigorous exercise regime to lose weight.  Plasma glucose = 43 mg/dL.

      a.       Give the probable Diagnosis

      b.      What measures must be taken for managing the condition?

     c.       Mention two other causes for the above condition?

    d.      What is the normal fasting plasma glucose concentration?

   e.       What advice should be given to the patient?

5.      TCA is an amphibolic pathway. Giving examples defend how this statement is true.                         

6.      Diet prescription for Diabetes mellitus and Atherosclerosis.                                                                      

7.      Describe the products of HMP shunt pathways and its significance.   

8.      Mucopolysachharides

9.      Dietary fibers and their clinical significance

 Long Answer Question (LAQ)                                                    

1.     Discuss the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen. Write a note on its regulation. Add a note on glycogen storage disorders

2.     Discuss how blood glucose is regulated.

4. Describe the process of gluconeogenesis      

Long Questions

1. Define mucopolysaccharides and discuss their role as structural elements in the human body with examples.
2. Define and classify carbohydrate with examples of each and their clinical/biological significance.

Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss properties and biological significance of disaccharides, with examples.
2. Define and discuss the importance of glycemic index giving examples of foods with high and low glycemic index.

Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals. Although cells are much larger than atoms, they are still very small. The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter (1μm = about 0.000039 inch), with a total mass of 10⁻¹⁴ gram—equal to that of 8,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms. Cells of humans typically have a mass 400,000 times larger than the mass of a single mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about 20 μm across. It would require a sheet of about 10,000 human cells to cover the head of a pin, and each human organism is composed of more than 30,000,000,000,000 cells.

Chemistry of Biomolecules focuses on the chemistry underpinning the biological roles of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic and lipids. You will learn about the link between structure and function of these molecules at a chemical level within a biological context. Overview lectures will bring together this knowledge and apply it to key chemical process relevant to life: respiration, disorders treatment and signalling.

Carbohydrates are chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which produce them on hydrolysis. In layman’s terms, we acknowledge carbohydrates as sugars or substances that taste sweet. They are collectively called as saccharides (Greek: sakcharon = sugar). Depending on the number of constituting sugar units obtained upon hydrolysis, they are classified as monosaccharides (1 unit), oligosaccharides (2-10 units) and polysaccharides (more than 10 units). They have multiple functions’ viz. they’re the most abundant dietary source of energy; they are structurally very important for many living organisms as they form a major structural component, e.g. cellulose is an important structural fibre for plants.

Lipids are organic substances that are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, are related to fatty acids and are utilized by the living cell. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, mono-, di- or triglycerides, phospholipids, etc. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, lipids are not polymeric molecules. Lipids play a great role in the cellular structure and are the chief source of energy.

Proteins are another class of indispensable biomolecules, which make up around 50per cent of the cellular dry weight. Proteins are polymers of amino acids arranged in the form of polypeptide chains. The structure of proteins is classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary in some cases. These structures are based on the level of complexity of the folding of a polypeptide chain. Proteins play both structural and dynamic roles. Myosin is the protein that allows movement by contraction of muscles. Most enzymes are proteinaceous in nature.

Nucleic acids refer to the genetic material found in the cell that carries all the hereditary information from parents to progeny. There are two types of nucleic acids namely, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The main function of nucleic acid is the transfer of genetic information and synthesis of proteins by processes known as translation and transcription. The monomeric unit of nucleic acids is known as nucleotide and is composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate. The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and 5’ phosphodiester bond. The nitrogen base attached to the pentose sugar makes the nucleotide distinct. There are 4 major nitrogenous bases found in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. The DNA structure is described as a double-helix or double-helical structure which is formed by hydrogen bonding between the bases of two antiparallel polynucleotide chains. Overall, the DNA structure looks similar to a twisted ladder.